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History of responsa in Judaism
History of responsa in Judaism spans a period of 1,700 years. Rabbinic responsa constitute a special class of rabbinic literature, differing in ''form'', but not necessarily in content, from Rabbinic commentaries devoted to the exegesis of the Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud, and ''halakha'' (the codes of Jewish religious law).〔Oesterley, W. O. E. & Box, G. H. (1920) ''A Short Survey of the Literature of Rabbinical and Mediæval Judaism'', Burt Franklin: New York.〕〔 The codes themselves contain the rules for ordinary incidents of life. The responsa literature covers all these topics and more.〔
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography: ''Responsal literature as a whole has as yet found no literary historian; single periods have been discussed while others have been entirely neglected, the works on these separate epochs including: Joel Müller, ''Briefe und Responsen aus der Vorgaonäischen Jüdischen Literatur'', Berlin, 1886; idem, ''Einleitung in die Responsen der Babylonischen Geonen''. ib. 1891; Zacharias Frankel, ''Entwurf einer Geschichte der Literatur der Nachtalmudischen Responsen'', Breslau, 1865. The responsa by European and American rabbis to problems arising in America are summarized by J. D. Eisenstein, ''The Development of Jewish Casuistic Literature in America'', Baltimore, 1905.''〕 The mode, style and subject matter have changed as a function of the travels of the Jewish people and of the development of other ''halakhic'' literature, particularly the codes. Forumulation of responsa, or she’elot ve-t’shuvot, which literally translates to questions and answers, generally involve an individual or group asking either teachers, rabbis, or heads of yeshivot about halakhah (Jewish law) and the party responding via an exchange of letters.〔 Responsa literature spans 1700 years〔 and there are even responsa being developed based on questions posed today. The development of responsa literature can be divided into four periods: the Tannaitic Period, the Geonic Period, the First Rabbinic Epoch,the Second Rabbinic Epoch, the Third Rabbinic Epoch, and the Fourth Rabbinic Epoch.〔
==Talmudic era==
(詳細はBabylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud). Works devoted especially to responsa first appear in the post-Talmudic period. Many responsa have been lost, but those extant number hundreds of thousands, in almost a thousand known collections.〔
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